Absorbance of light by a transition metal complex investigation Essay

Introduction Commonly known as transition metals, d block elements have partially filled d sublevels in one or more of their oxidation states. It is in the first row of transition elements that the 3d sub-level is incomplete. These d block elements show certain characteristic properties such as multiple oxidation states, ability to form complex ions, coloured compounds and good catalytic properties. In terms of variable oxidation states, d block elements usually have a +2 oxidation number which corresponds to the loss of the two 4s electrons (as it is easier to lose the 4s electrons than the 3d electrons). Transition metals can have variable oxidation states because the ionization energies allow for up to two 3d electrons to be lost. Because transition metals are relatively small in size, the transition metal ions attract species that are rich in electrons – ligands (neutral molecules or negative ions that contain non-bonding pair of electrons – which when covalently bonded with and form complex ions. Because the d orbitals usually split up into two groups (high and low) in transition metal complex ions, the energy required to promote a d electron into the higher split level corresponds with a particular wavelength in the visible region, which is absorbed when light passes through the complex ion. Transition metal usually then exhibits the remaining energy/light – the complementary colour. In this investigation, the different absorbance of these coloured solutions will be investigated by varying the number of moles of the transition metal in the solution. According to the Beer-Lambert law, absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration and that there is a logarithmic dependence between the absorbance and the concentration of the substance, this relationship is as shown in figure 1 and 2. In the graph representation of the Beer-Lambert law, the logarithmic relationship can evidently be seen – as the concentration of the solution increases, the calibration curve becomes less linear and more flat. This is probably due to the saturation of colour of the solution. In addition, the graph also indicates that the relationship starts at the origin and is generally linear at lower concentrations. In this investigation, Nickel (II) Sulphate will be used as the transition metal and H2O will be used as the ligand. The complex ion formed will therefore be a hexaaquanickel(II) complex ion, Ni (H2O) 6 2+. It has a coordination number of 6 and is of an octahedral shape. (Microsoft Encarta, 2007) Aim To investigate how the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions (Ni (H2O) 6 2+) in solution affects the absorbance of red light (660nm) by measuring it with a colorimeter. Hypothesis As the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions increases, the absorbance of red light1 will also increase. This is so because as stated in the Beer-Lambert law, the absorbance of light is directly proportional to the concentration. Furthermore, as the concentration increases, there are more molecules of the complex ions within the solution to interact with the light that is being transmitted – hence an increased absorbance at higher concentrations. In addition, despite the logarithmic relationship, I expect my data to show a linear relationship instead because the number of moles I am measuring red absorbance against is rather low (maximum 0.5 moles), so while it would be insufficient to see the clear logarithmic curve; the linear increase in the beginning would still be evident. Variables Independent – Concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions (0.0313mol, 0.0625mol, 0.125mol, 0.250mol, 0.500mol) Dependent – Absorbency of red light (660nm) Controlled – Volume of solution (25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ per different mol solution) Equipment Method 1) Measure 6.57g of nickel sulphate with an electronic balance and place in a 250cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ beaker 2) Measure 50cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of deionised water with 50cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ measuring cylinder and pour into the 250cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ beaker with the nickel sulphate to create a 0.5mol nickel sulphate solution 3) Mix the solution thoroughly with a glass stirring rod, make sure the solution is transparent (not murky) and no remnants of the nickel sulphate should be present in the solution 4) Label the five 50cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ volumetric flasks: 0.03125mol, 0.0625mol, 0.125mol, 0.25mol and 0.5mol 5) Pipette 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of the previously made nickel sulphate solution from the 250cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ beaker and place into volumetric flask labeled â€Å"0.5mol† 6) Pipette another 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from the beaker and place into volumetric flask labeled â€Å"0.25mol† 7) Measure and pipette 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of deionised water and add into â€Å"0.25mol† 8) Mix thoroughly 9) Measure and pipette 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from â€Å"0.25mol† and add into â€Å"0.125mol† 10) Repeat steps 7 to 8 but add the water into â€Å"0.125mol† 11) Measure and pipette 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from â€Å"0.125mol† and add into â€Å"0.0625mol† 12) Repeat step 10 but add into the water â€Å"0.0625mol† 13) Measure and pipette 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ from â€Å"0.0625mol† and add into â€Å"0.0313 mol† 14) Repeat step 10 but add into the water†0.0313mol† 15) Connect the PASPORT colorimeter to the computer 16) Select to measure red (660nm) absorbance 17) After all five solutions have been made, label five cuvettes the same labels as the volumetric flasks (place on lid, careful not to have any of the label on the cuvette itself) 18) Fill each labeled cuvette with its corresponding volumetric flask label with a dropper 19) Fill the remaining unlabeled cuvette with water 20) Place the cuvette with water into the colorimeter and press green button to calibrate, do not do anything until the green light switches off by itself 21) Place the cuvette labeled â€Å"0.03125mol† into the colorimeter – press start and stop after getting a constant reading 22) Record the data 23) Repeat steps 21-22 until all labeled cuvettes have been measured for red absorbance Data Table Concentration / mol dm-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Red light (660nm) absorbance Uncertainties Uncertainties (cm3) Measuring cylinder à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1.0cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Bulb pipette à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.06 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Electronic weigh à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.01g Concentration (mol/dmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) Uncertainty Graphs Discussion and Conclusion It can be seen from the graph that there is a linear relationship between the amount of red light absorbed and the concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions. It can also be deduced that as the concentration increases, the red light absorption increases at twice the rate. However, it is interesting to note that the line of best fit does not start at the origin, but at (0, 0.0623) as the equation derived from the line of best fit states, suggesting that despite showing a clear linear trend, my data is precise but not accurate. This is possibly due to equipment imperfection, for example the cuvette, which will be discussed in the evaluation. However, it is still evident that, as stated in my hypothesis, as the concentration increases, the chances of light interacting with the complex ion molecules also increase, hence yielding a higher light (red, in this case) absorption. While it is true that the Beer-Lambert law states the relationship between concentration of a substance and its absorbency has a logarithmic relationship, my data is linear because the concentrations of my tested solutions were rather low, so if I were to continue my experiment and create more concentrated nickel sulphate solutions, I would expect to see the curve become non-linear as concentration increases because the solution will eventually become saturated. Therefore, in conclusion, my hypothesis corresponds with the results: the relationship between red absorbance and concentration of hexaaquanickel(II) ions is quite clear – as the concentration increases, the red absorbance also increases. Evaluation One aspect I can improve my method is using the same cuvette and in the same direction each time for measuring all the different solutions, as it has been noted that the cuvettes we have been currently using are not perfectly constructed and may differ with the distance as light passes through. This will help improve the accuracy of the results and an important aspect to take into consideration, because also stated in the Beer-Lambert law, the length in which the light passes through also makes a difference in the absorption of light (the longer the container is, the more chances of light interacting with the molecules of the solution). Another aspect was in the preparing the different solutions, because I had diluted each solution using the same solutions from before, so the uncertainty of each would naturally continuously build up (final uncertainty of 4.31%) – for example, if I had accidentally created a 0.052 mol nickel sulphate solution, then the next solution I diluted from that solution would not be 0.025 mol as intended. One way to see through this limitation is to perhaps prepare each solution separately to avoid a build up of uncertainties. In addition, another way to make this investigation more conclusive and detailed could be increasing the different amounts of concentration of the nickel sulphate solution, as I only had 5 different concentrations. Bibliography Clark, J. (2007). The Beer-Lambert law. In Absorption spectra. Retrieved January 15, 2008, from http://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/uvvisible/beerlambert.html Microsoft(r) Encarta(r) Online Encyclopedia. (2007). Complex. Retrieved January 17, 2008, from http://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781538720/Complex.html Neuss, G. (2007). Determining the concentration of an element. In Chemistry course companion (p. 276). Oxford University Press. 1 Because nickel sulphate solution is green in colour, red light will be used to measure the absorbency of the solution as it is the complementary colour.

Making Hard Decisions Questions Essay

Respond to the following questions from chapter 1 on pp12-13. Use this document to respond to the following question using MS Word. Type your responses below each question shown below and use as much space as you need for your response. 1.2 Explain how modeling is used in decision analysis. What is meant by the term â€Å"requisite decision model†? Ans: Modeling is used in decision analysis in several ways. Models facilitate gaining insights of a decision problem that may not be apparent or obvious on the surface. For example, influence diagrams and decision trees are used to represent the decision problem. Hierarchical and network models are used to understand the relationships among different aspects or objectives. Utility functions are used to model the way in which decision-makers value different outcomes and trade off competing objectives. A requisite decision model is a model that can be considered requisite only when no new intuitions emerge about the problem. In simple words, a requisite decision model is a model whose form and content are sufficient to solve a particular problem. Everything required to solve the problem is represented in the model or can be simulated by it (Phillips, 1987, p.37). 1.3 What role do subjective judgments play in decision analysis? Ans: Subjective judgments are important ingredients in decision analysis. Discovering and developing these judgments involves thinking hard and systematically about important aspects of a decision, which forms an essential part of decision analysis. However, it should also be kept in mind that personal insights might be limited and misleading as human beings are imperfect information processors. Thus, it is essential that personal judgments are taken into consideration, and at the same time human cognitive limitations are understood for improved decisions. 1.4 At a dinner party, an acquaintance asks whether you have read anything interesting lately, and you mention that you have begun to read a text on decision analysis. Your friend asks what decision analysis is and why anyone would want to read a book about it, let alone write one! How would you answer? Ans: Decision analysis consists of a framework and a tool kit for dealing with difficult decisions. It is used to help a decision maker think systematically about complex problems and to improve the quality of resulting decisions. Decision analysis offers guidance to normal people working on hard decisions using fundamental principles such as tools to understand the structure of the problem, uncertainties involved and the trade-offs inherent in alternative outcomes. 1.5 Your friend in Question 1.4, upon hearing your answer, is delighted! â€Å"This is marvelous,† she exclaims. â€Å"I have this very difficult choice to make at work. I’ll tell you the facts, and you can tell me what I should do!† Explain to her why you cannot do the analysis for her. Ans: Although decision analysis provides guidance for systematic thinking in hard decisions, it does not mean that it provides an alternative that must be blindly accepted. The decision maker should understand the problem thoroughly. Decision analysis does not relieve the decision maker from the obligations in facing the problem, or replace his or her intuition. Instead of providing solutions, it merely augments the decision maker’s thought process by providing insights into the objectives, trade-offs and uncertainties. Thus, the friend must go through the process of decision analysis to understand the problem which will help in better decisions. 1.10 â€Å"Socially responsible investing† first became fashionable in the 1980s. Such investing involves consideration of the kinds of businesses that a firm engages in and selection of investments that are as consistent as possible with the investor’s sense of ethical and moral business activity. What trade-offs must the socially responsible investor makes? How are these trade-offs more complicated than those that we normally consider in making investment decisions? Recall, from ISEN 667 the financial objective of the firm (maximize the future wealth of the owners of the firm.) Ans: The key question here is: can good environmental performance can be associated with good financial performance? Since socially responsible investing firms do not invest in a broad mix of stocks, one will expect their performance to lag behind other firms in the market. Expenses are higher and management is time-consuming as socially conscious portfolios require increased managerial oversight and research. However, the market performance of these firms tends to be stable in the long run as they do not invest in volatile ventures. Thus, the decision makers must consider the short-term as well as the long terms effects of the decision in their analysis. The trade-offs are more complicated than those that we normally consider in making investment decisions. This is because financial performances are well-defined, whereas there are no clear definitions for environmental performance indicators. Firms thus, find it difficult to measure their financial performance relative to environmental performance. 1.11 Many decisions are simple, preprogrammed, or already solved. For example, retailers do not have to think long to decide how to deal with a new customer. Some operations-research models provide â€Å"ready-made† decisions, such as finding an optimal inventory level using an order-quantity formula or determining an optimal production mix using linear programming. Contrast these decisions with unstructured or strategic decisions, such as choosing a career or locating a nuclear power plant. Ans: Structured decisions are programmable, preplanned decisions which are made under the established situations that are fully understood. There are limited trade-offs and objectives often are not conflicting with other secondary objectives. Unstructured or strategic decisions are often made under situations that are unclear or uncertain. There are multiple trade-offs and objectives to consider which are often conflicting in nature. There is no one particular solution for a strategic decision. Multiple alternatives must be evaluated and the decision chosen might not necessarily produce the best result. What kinds of decisions are appropriate for a decision-analysis approach? Ans: Unstructured decisions are appropriate for a decision-analysis approach as there is no need for decision analysis when the decision is simple or programmable. Complex, hard decisions require systematic thinking, understanding of the problem and awareness of the uncertainties and trades-offs, and thus, are appropriate for decision-analysis approach. Case Situation: Refer to the DuPont and Chlorofluorocarbons case on page 15 and respond to the following questions. 1. What issues would you take into account and why? I would take into account the following issues: (i) Stakeholders’ needs: Stakeholders are of paramount importance. The conflicting issue is that without pleasing customers it is difficult to maximize shareholder returns, while without regulatory support shareholder returns cannot be assured. (ii) Accountability and public perception: Should the firm accept the scientific evidence and make it public? What will be the public reaction? (iii) Environmental responsibility: A complete ban on CFCs would cause severe economic and health problems because of the loss of refrigeration and air-conditioning. The firm is responsible for developing a substitute before a complete ban is implemented. 2. What major sources of uncertainty do you face? (i) Uncertainty of Science: The scientific evidence that CFCs have a detrimental effect on the ozone layer might suffer from certain setbacks. I would assign scientists to focus more on the connection between CFCs and ozone layer. (ii) Development of substitute: It is not certain that the substitute developed for CFCs would be as marketable as CFCs, and would be as efficient as CFCs. This can have direct effects on the performance of the firm. Also, it is uncertain if they will also have a harmful effect on the ozone. (iii) International cooperation: Development of the substitute and subsequent ban of CFCs requires international cooperation which is uncertain. 3. What corporate objectives would be important for you to consider? Do you think that DuPont’s corporate objectives and the way the company views the problem might have evolved since the mid-1970s when CFCs were just beginning to become an issue? Ans: Taking the course of action that maximizes the firm’s profit would be the most important corporate objective of the firm. However, there is also an environmental aspect involved. Thus, we should search for solutions where the needs of both can be satisfied simultaneously. I think the way the company views the problem might have evolved since the mid-1970s from being profit-oriented to a more environmentally sensitive perspective. References Robert. T. Clemen , Terrence Reilly, â€Å"Making Hard Decisions with Decision Tools†, Duxbury Press; 1 edition, Jun 2000

Negative Economic Impacts of Tourism Essay

There are many hidden costs to tourism, which can have unfavorable economic effects on the host community. Often rich countries are better able to profit from tourism than poor ones. Whereas the least developed countries have the most urgent need for income, employment and general rise of the standard of living by means of tourism, they are least able to realize these benefits. Among the reasons for this are large-scale transfer of tourism revenues out of the host country and exclusion of local businesses and products. Leakage The direct income for an area is the amount of tourist expenditure that remains locally after taxes, profits, and wages are paid outside the area and after imports are purchased; these subtracted amounts are called leakage. In most all-inclusive package tours, about 80% of travelers’ expenditures go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies (who often have their headquarters in the travelers’ home countries), and not to local businesses or workers. In addition, significant amounts of income actually retained at destination level can leave again through leakage. A study of tourism ‘leakage’ in Thailand estimated that 70% of all money spent by tourists ended up leaving Thailand (via foreign-owned tour operators, airlines, hotels, imported drinks and food, etc.). Estimates for other Third World countries range from 80% in the Caribbean to 40% in India. Source: Sustainable Living There are two main ways that leakage occurs: Import leakage This commonly occurs when tourists demand standards of equipment, food, and other products that the host country cannot supply. Especially in less-developed countries, food and drinks must often be imported, since local products are not up to the hotel’s (i.e. tourist’s) standards or the country simply doesn’t have a supplying industry. Much of the income from  tourism expenditures leaves the country again to pay for these imports. The average import-related leakage for most developing countries today is between 40% and 50% of gross tourism earnings for small economies and between 10% and 20% for most advanced and diversified economies, according to UNCTAD. Even in developed regions, local producers are often unable to supply the tourism industry appropriately even if good will is present: the 64-room hotel â€Å"Kaiser im Tirol† in Austria, an award-winning leader in sustainable practices, cannot find organic food suppliers in the local farming networks in the appropriate quantity, quality and reliability, as production cycles and processes are not compatible with its needs. Source: Austrian Preparatory Conference for the International Year of Ecotourism, September 2001 Export leakage Multinational corporations and large foreign businesses have a substantial share in the import leakage. Often, especially in poor developing destinations, they are the only ones that possess the necessary capital to invest in the construction of tourism infrastructure and facilities. As a consequence of this, an export leakage arises when overseas investors who finance the resorts and hotels take their profits back to their country of origin. A 1996 UN report evaluating the contribution of tourism to national income, gross levels of incomes or gross foreign exchange, found that net earnings of tourism, after deductions were made for all necessary foreign exchange expenditures, were much more significant for the industry. This report found significant leakage associated with: (a) imports of materials and equipment for construction; (b) imports of consumer goods, particularly food and drinks; (c) repatriation of profits earned by foreign investors; (d) overseas promotional expenditures and (e) amortization of external debt incurred in the development of hotels and resorts. The impact of the leakage varied greatly across countries, depending on the structure of the economy  and the tourism industry. From the data presented in this study on the Caribbean, St. Lucia had a foreign exchange leakage rate of 56% from its gross tourism receipts, Aruba had 41%, Antigua and Barbuda 25% and Jamaica 40%. Source: Caribbean Voice Enclave tourism Local businesses often see their chances to earn income from tourists severely reduced by the creation of â€Å"all-inclusive† vacation packages. When tourists remain for their entire stay at the same cruise ship or resort, which provides everything they need and where they will make all their expenditures, not much opportunity is left for local people to profit from tourism. The Organization of American States (OAS) carried out a survey of Jamaica’s tourist industry that looked at the role of the all-inclusives compared to other types of accommodation. It found that ‘All-inclusive hotels generate the largest amount of revenue but their impact on the economy is smaller per dollar of revenue than other accommodation subsectors.’ It also concluded that all-inclusives imported more, and employed fewer people per dollar of revenue than other hotels. This information confirms the concern of those who have argued that all-inclusives have a smaller trickle-down effect on local economies. (Source: Tourism Concern) The cruise ship industry provides another example of economic enclave tourism. Non-river cruises carried some 8.7 million international passengers in 1999. On many ships, especially in the Caribbean (the world’s most popular cruise destination with 44.5% of cruise passengers), guests are encouraged to spend most of their time and money on board, and opportunities to spend in some ports are closely managed and restricted. Other negative impacts Infrastructure cost Tourism development can cost the local government and local taxpayers a great deal of money. Developers may want the government to improve the airport,  roads and other infrastructure, and possibly to provide tax breaks and other financial advantages, which are costly activities for the government. Public resources spent on subsidized infrastructure or tax breaks may reduce government investment in other critical areas such as education and health. Increase in prices Increasing demand for basic services and goods from tourists will often cause price hikes that negatively affect local residents whose income does not increase proportionately. A San Francisco State University study of Belize found that, as a consequence of tourism development, the prices for locals increased by 8%. Tourism development and the related rise in real estate demand may dramatically increase building costs and land values. Not only does this make it more difficult for local people, especially in developing countries, to meet their basic daily needs, it can also result in a dominance by outsiders in land markets and in-migration that erodes economic opportunities for the locals, eventually disempowering residents. In Costa Rica, close to 65% of the hotels belong to foreigners. Long-term tourists living in second homes, and the so-called amenity migrants (wealthy or retired people and liberal professionals moving to attractive destinations in order to enjoy the atmosphere and peaceful rhythms of life) cause price hikes in their new homes if their numbers attain a certain critical mass. Economic dependence of the local community on tourism Diversification in an economy is a sign of health, however if a country or region becomes dependent for its economic survival upon one industry, it can put major stress upon this industry as well as the people involved to perform well. Many countries, especially developing countries with little ability to explore other resources, have embraced tourism as a way to boost the economy. In The Gambia, for instance, 30% of the workforce depends directly or indirectly on tourism. In small island developing states, percentages can range from 83% in the Maldives to 21% in the Seychelles and 34% in Jamaica,  according to the WTO. Over-reliance on tourism, especially mass tourism, carries significant risks to tourism-dependent economies. Economic recession and the impacts of natural disasters such as tropical storms and cyclones as well as changing tourism patterns can have a devastating effect on the local tourism sector. Malta has only 380,000 residents, but received 1.2 million tourists in 1999. As 25% of GDP (and indirectly 40% ), tourism generated more than $650 million in foreign exchange earnings. Malta’s high dependence on tourism and a limited number of export products makes its trade performance vulnerable to shifts in international demand. Source: Washington Times Seasonal character of jobs The seasonal character of the tourism industry creates economic problems for destinations that are heavily dependent on it. Problems that seasonal workers face include job (and therefore income) insecurity, usually with no guarantee of employment from one season to the next, difficulties in getting training, employment-related medical benefits, and recognition of their experience, and unsatisfactory housing and working conditions.

Final Project Introduction and Week 1 Milestone Essay

Final Project Introduction and Week 1 Milestone - Essay Example It can be used to shed light on some educative debates, politics as well as other world issues (Magoun, 2006). In addition, television can also be very important in promotional activities, involving business promotions among others. In the current world, television has become one of the most indispensible tools for education (Zettl, 2007). This is very helpful even to the students. Television always helps in making students get to acquaint themselves with several things. This is because, in the televisions, there are several programmes designed or literary documentaries, as well as literary programs (McCarthy, 2001). These are very important to the students. In this respect, it is of crucial significance to note that television always helps students to acquire more knowledge in the same ways that reading books always contributes. Television is also a source of entertainment. In summary, the complex integration of entertainment, education, business promotions, as well as communication in all aspects is very important. As such, it was very crucial for me to consider television as my media type of

Writing on skin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing on skin - Essay Example One could inscribe on the desks, on our arms the names of the people we admired and loved. We wrote using ink. These traces have seemed like something unending but time and soap rubbed all those memories and changed our obsessions. Our skin at those moments became a book where we can write our desires, a perishable and fragile diary (Olivares, para1). When one does plastic surgery on their face to appear more attractive, the effort is just to rub out time and get rid of physical memory without realizing that it is a diverse stage that also will leave him/her with trace in his/her skin, devoid of eliminating everything and any incident. Just like the way we cannot stop thinking about our loved ones (Olivares, para3). Tattoos have unlike significance and meanings, marks and painting which are accessible in images tell us many stories and many other way of approaching any article. In early days, photography in its most documentary work type took upon itself to record people with tattoos. Tattoos have adopted anthropological drawings, work if indigenous people, record of journey as a documentary paintings as an element in their works (Olivares, para8). On the other hand, cinema and photography, largely, have taken them on board because they have concerned themselves much more in depth and often criminal sectors in the secretive, the yakuza, prostitution, delinquency and what is marginalized and adventure world of crime. Good examples of witting in our skins are the tattoos. Traditionally tattoos marked the social hierarchies and defined warrior categories. Rites of passage and festivals were distinguished with paintings. Today, tattoos have diversified into different formulae and they usually define those who wear them like a neon billboard on their foreheads. Tattoos have stopped being marks of the less fortunate, women fallen on difficult times, sailors and convicts (Olivares, para5). Adolescents from wealthy settings wear seductive tattoos on their hip,

Huckleberry Finn research essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Huckleberry Finn research - Essay Example The River breaks them apart and drops Huck for a while in the household of the Grangerford; the River that brings them back together, and then forces upon them the undesirable presence of the King and the Duke. The readers are repeatedly reminded of its existence and its influence. The readers make sense of the River by witnessing it through the point of view of the Boy; however the Boy is the River’s soul as well. Huckleberry Finn, similar to other grand creations of the mind, can offer readers whatever s/he is able to get from it. On the surface, Huck is a compelling Boy. On a similar note, the depiction of social life on Mississippi’s shores a century ago is truthful. Mark Twain compels the readers to witness the River in its true form more vividly than the writers of any other narrative of a river known to humanity. However, the readers do not just witness the River; they experience the River as well. In his later years of fame and success, Mark Twain called his childhood as a steamboat pilot as the most fulfilling he had known (Champion 1991). In the everyday struggle of the pilot with the River, in the gratification of the task, in the unbroken focus on the random difficulties, his mind was completely engaged, and he took in wisdom of which, as a novelist, he used soon after. Maybe, there are only two ways where in an author can gain knowledge of the situation which s/he can afterward narrate: one is by spending one’s childhood in that situation, or, in other words, living in it at a time where in one encounters much more than s/he understands; and second, by experiencing the difficulty of making a living in that situation (Champion 1991). Mark Twain’s familiarity with the Mississippi echoes these two ways. When I woke up, I didn’t know where I was for a minute. I set up and looked around, a little scared. Then I

Macroeconomics - Quantitative Easing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macroeconomics - Quantitative Easing - Essay Example Expansionary policies involve the purchase of short term monetary government bonds by the central bank in order to lower the market interest rate. However, when the interest rates are minimal or at zero, traditional monetary policies cannot lower the interest rate any further. In quantitative easing, the economy is boosted by other methods. Short-term as well as long-term bonds are purchased and the yield has a high probability of increasing. (Krishnamurthy and Vissing-Jorgensen, 2011) Quantitative easing is supposed to keep the inflation in check. However, the goods in the market to be sold have a fixed quantity and therefore, even a flooding of capital will not lead to an increase in the amount of goods and thus, it could actually lead to more inflation (Trefgarne, 2009). The interest rate of the economy is targeted by open market operations, which are the buying and selling of bonds (short-term government bonds) from banks and other financial institutions. The central bank gives o ut the bonds and collects money from this process, and this in turn also affects the money supply and the interbank interest rate (Wieland, 2009). When a central bank cannot change the interest rate, they face a liquidity trap, and quantitative easing changes the economy’s scenario without affecting the interest rate. It is only related to the money supply when the interest rate cannot be further lowered. Therefore, it is also a policy that is used as a last resort measure rather than as a first resort one (Wieland, 2009). Also, even though central banks cannot affect the interest rate further, they are the ones who carry out quantitative easing because their money is the one which is acceptable by everyone. However, in some cases, central banks cannot carry out their own quantitative easing and are dependent on other central banks to carry it out for them (Wieland, 2009). b) UK has a unique method of employing quantitative easing in order to spur growth in the economy and ch ange the money supply and keep the inflation rate in check at about 2%. Their first policy was to buy gilt-edged securities from institutions that are not banks. These also include bonds that are issued by national governments, also referred to as debt securities. Secondly, they conduct Open Market Operations, which were open to their gilt counterparts as well (Congdon, 2009). The lowest bids started being acceptable by banks, the standard of comparison being the market prices. Lastly, the HM treasury condemned APF (Asset Purchase Facility) which was initiated in 2009, when the commercial paper was financed primarily by T-bills and gilts. There are not only short-term gilts that are used, but also long-term gilts in this process of quantitative easing. They also borrow money from insurance companies and pension funds. People can also keep more money in their bank accounts than they did before, as one of the ways to boost money in the economy. This way banks, apart from the central b ank, will have more money in order to lend more (Congdon, 2009). The two main outcomes of assessing the situation were assessing the portfolios and the events that occurred. Portfolio rebalancing may cause UK investor to demand to go on a hike and gilt’s yield has decreased by a hundred points since this policy has been implemented. However, it is hard to tell the

Accounting - breakeven analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Accounting - breakeven analysis - Essay Example Thus this analysis becomes quite useful in calculating the profit, loss and the break-even point at different sales levels and also helps managers and analysts to calculate the number of units that need to be sold in order to recover the product’s production costs. Break-even analysis is also very useful for small businesses because it can help the owner or the manager of the business to assess the change in prices of the products being sold or a decrease or increase in the costs which have a direct effect on the breakeven analysis and the profitability of the small business. The break-even analysis is especially useful when deciding order quantities or when making pricing decisions. It allows the firm to be able to set a price which shall help it maximize its margin of safety. Break-even analysis also influences marketing decisions. The firm can set a desired profit level which it hopes to achieve within a particular period and then, with the help of the break-even analysis, identify the number of units that need to be sold in order to achieve the desired level of profitability and direct its marketing efforts in order to achieve these sales levels. Break-even analysis can also help the small business owners in making crucial decision like hir ing or firing employees or maybe expanding the business to gain greater market share and help increase the company’s profitability. It can also help the owner in deciding in whether to purchase additional machinery or equipment for the business. Since it projects fixed costs and variable costs separately as well as together, business owners can take the help of this analysis when making critical decisions such as those relating to capital expenditure. Break-even analysis model is very simple to use as the user of this model can easily change the inputs to compute the break-even point. For example if an owner predicts that in the next month the variable cost will increase by 5% so, the owner can easily use this model and see how many more units need to be sold to reach the break-even point for the next month. Similarly is the case with an increase in Rent, which increases the fixed cost. Hence the owner, keeping price and variable costs constant, can predict the number of unit s needed to be sold if there is an increase in the fixed cost of the business. Alternatively, the break-even analysis can be used to identify rising costs and help the management in deciding how to cut down on variable or fixed costs. There are however a few flaws to the break-even analysis. Break-even analysis is only useful to a certain extent as it assumes that all outputs produced in a period are sold which may not be the case in real-life situations. The break-even model is also very simplistic in nature and considers all inputs constant which may not be the case in the real world. However, the break-even model has some assumptions which make it less accurate in determining the break-even quantity. It assumes that the selling price and the variable cost will remain constant. However, for small businesses this rarely happens. So, we then use the average selling price which

Db5 team and leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Db5 team and leadership - Research Paper Example Other factors that might contribute to the teamwork failure include lack of open-mindedness and progressive thinking among team members (McCallin & Mike, 2009). However, this is opposed to another experience I had with another team that was very successful from the start to end. Among the main factors that contributed to the success of the team was commitment to the goals of the project, good interpersonal skills and interdependence among team members. According to Tarricone & Luca (2002), interpersonal skills such as open discussions among team members, honesty, trust and respect are some of the most important factors that can enhance effective teamwork among members. However, the most crucial factor that helped the team become successful was communication among members. Open communication and positive feedback among the team members are important attributes for a successful team (Tarricone & Luca, 2002). All members of a particular team need to learn teamwork and be committed to targets, timelines and responsibilities set for the project. Such effectiveness can only be achieved through proper communication among team

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 24

Case Study Example The company supplier power is larger in its international operations than in domestic business transactions. In the U.S. the supplier power is concentrated in three companies that have the three largest market shares. The material that changed the industry and cannibalized the soft drink can industry is aluminum. The threat of new entrants can be categorized as medium low. The industry is controlled by five companies that have a combined 61% share in the U.S. (Bradley). The rest of the marketplace is served by over 100 independent companies. Due to the high value of the market which is worth over $12.2 billion there are always going to be entrepreneurs interested in penetrating the market. This industry is capital intensive and requires a high investment in machinery and equipment to set up an operation. Engineering knowledge is imperative for the success of a company. Since there are a few hundreds players in this industry another entrant could successfully penetrate even though the existence of high barriers of entry. The Buyer power of Crown Cork & Seal is medium high. The company currently has a market share of 7%. In 1989 the company produced 120,795 million cans. Its buyer power is higher in the international arena than in the United States. One of the competitive advantages the company enjoys is lower direct labor costs due to cheaper labor prices overseas. The company has the capability to achieve economies of scales in the purchase of raw materials such as plastic, steel, and aluminum. Economies of scale enable companies to lower the cost of buying materials. The threat of substitutes in the industry is medium. In regards to the sale of soft drinks can the majority of manufacturers utilize aluminum. In terms of packaging the biggest threat to metal packaging is plastic. Plastic is a petroleum derivative. The utilization of research and development allows companies to bring innovation to the industry. The company has a passive strategy in its

Architectural Analysis of Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art Essay

Architectural Analysis of Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art - Essay Example â€Å"Steven Holl Architects’ extension to the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City has torn up the rule book of established codes of extension conduct and transformed the existing building into one of the most exciting exhibition spaces we’ve seen. The existing Nelson-Atkins museum is a ceremonial, classical structure – all colonnades, porticos and grand facades, sitting atop the undulating hillocks looking down on Kansas City. When in 1999, Steven Holl Architects entered the competition to build a suitable extension, it was the only firm daring enough to tamper with the existing facade and not hide its proposed structure in the shadow of the grand building. And it clearly paid off† (Yanko Design, 2007). In order to understand the choices that went into the Bloch Building, it is essential to understand architectural theory, philosophy, phenomenology and structuralism. Interpretive Strategies of Architecture as Art Though a kaleidoscopic array of the ories exist on the matter of architecture, three should suffice. By far the most important is the architects' theory: Stephen Holls', as explicated in his 2009 Urbanisms: Working with doubt. Holls' philosophy here is that urban planning in the 21st century faces qualitatively new techniques. He argues that the attempt to break down all architecture to quantitative mathematical analysis is quixotic and counter-productive; instead, architects must â€Å"work with† and manage doubt in increasingly complex cityscapes by managing Fragments, Porosity, Insertions, Precious and Fusion elements. Holls emphasizes phenomenology here. He argues, â€Å"It is odd that few urban planners speak of the important phenomenological characteristics determining the qualities of urban life – spatial energy and mystery, qualities of light, color, sound and smell. The subjectivity of urban experience must be held in equal importance to the objective and practical† (2009, pg. 16). Holl a rgues that, just as the brain has a rational left side and a creative right side, so too must urban planners synthesize art and science, and urban planning must represent both the vagaries of subjective psychology and the rationality of controlled and planned spaces created by mathematical-scientific intervention. What is phenomenology? â€Å""The philosophical movement that concentrates on the study of consciousness and its immediate objects† (Lecture 2). The distinction is complex. In essence, since the skeptical revolution of Hume, wherein it was demonstrated that it is impossible to philosophically know any empirical fact (such as that gravity follows the inverse square or that billiards bounce the way a pool shark knows they do) because of the limits of inductive logic and the fact that to generalize from the past to the future requires an untestable assumption: That the past is like the future (Hume, 1910). Kant then argued that not only was it impossible to know the na ture of things, their ontology, but in fact human beings could never get access to ontological truth. Just as a camera takes an image of the world but that photograph it produces is not the same as the world it represents (â€Å"Ceci pas un pipe†), the human eye makes a model of the real world, a model that psychology has increasingly come to realize is a highly specific one with many features jettisoned for ease of processing. That model is not the real world, so no matter how precise our instrumentation or perceptions, we are never seeing things as they are. Thus, Kant argued that the study of ontology was impossible, and sharply cut it off from the study of phenomenology, which Husserl, Heidegger and Sartre later developed (Lecture 2). What does this have to do with architecture? Holl's argument is only

The Chapters of my Grandmothers Life Essay Example for Free

The Chapters of my Grandmothers Life Essay An amazing, talented completely young at heart woman who has aged with complete grace and honesty; this is my grandmother, Gloria Whelan. I have dozens of perfectly clear memories from my childhood that would not be the same without her. I have always respected, admired, and attempted to pursue the astonishing way she has woven her faith and love into every aspect of her life. My grandmother recently had her eightieth birthday and is currently living in Northern Michigan with her husband Joseph. She has enjoyed a rewarding and successful career as a childrens author, and is well respected by her husband, friends, peers, and family. Her life, like many of her books, can be divided into chapters and the occasional picture that combine to paint the portrait of a truly remarkable woman. As we open the book of my grandmothers life, we see it began with a comfortable lifestyle, growing up as an only child. This was quickly catapulted into a much more meager living along with all families of America as the Great Depression struck. Her father lost everything he had, and her family was forced to move into apartment housing owned by her uncle. Everyone in her extended family had experienced a similar horrible loss and my grandmother found herself living amongst all her aunts and uncles. As an only child, she unconsciously seemed to fall into the roles of hero and lost child, diving into books in her spare time by always aiming high to reach her goals. Her relatives took on the mascot roles where holes had been left by the lack of siblings and she recalls many of their quirks or family humor from parties. The reality and difficulty of their loss was an incredible burden to her parents, and my grandmother felt that this affected her greatly. It caused to her always appreciate what she had, not only in terms of monetary value but also in terms of strong faith, hope for the future, family support, and good relationships. She always regretted not having a sibling, especially during these rough times where she found herself surrounded mostly by adults. During grade school, she pretended she had an older brother, and even named him Lancelot Reginald Bartholomew which obviously displays her creativity and love for imagination at an early age. Another thing that my grandmother regrets deeply was her parents being so overprotective. As an only child, it can be expected that parents are more defensive; however, my grandmothers parents did not allow her to participate in any physical activities, by herself or with other children. She was not allowed to bike, skate, or swim, and as a result never learned to how to do these seemingly universal activities. She feels that sports and exercise are important to social development and confidence as well as a sense of belonging with peers. At the young age of eight my grandmother came down with rheumatic fever which had her bedridden for a full year. Obviously, for an eight-year-old this is a very traumatic feat, which my grandmother found herself overcoming by diving into books. It was the beginning of a love that led to her career far before she could have guessed. It also allowed for introspective, personal time, which likely led to her great understanding of herself and others.

History Of Music An Overview

History Of Music An Overview The definition of music is defined in many ways; Websters definition is as follows an art of sound in time that expresses ideas and emotions in significant forms through the elements of rhythm, melody, or harmony. There are many theories regarding when and where music formed. Many agree that music began even before man existed. Researchers point out that there are six periods of music and each period has a certain style of music that made what music is today. Here are some resources for you to better understand the history of music. (Estrella 2001) Music is traced back as far as ancient Israel a thousand years before Christ; King David composed and sang hundreds of songs called psalms. A few of them are written in the old testament in the book of Psalms. But music as we know it now, as having structure and form, may have begun in the 10th century with the Gregorian chants. These songs were organized and detailed with soloists and small groups singing distinctive parts. The music we are more in common with began around the year 1200 and soon after, troubadours singing folk music starting to appear in parts of Europe. The appearance of composers, made music, and the creation of the instruments such as the piano and lute. (Ezine Articles 2005) The years 1750 to 1820 is known as the Classical period with the piano being a composers instrument of choice. Mozart wrote his first symphony, Bach performed in London, and Beethoven was finally born. Many of the symphonies we enjoy today were written during this time. Music has truly evolved since this period though. In 1900, a man named Scott Joplin had composed and published the Maple Leaf Rag, an event many see as the beginnings of the music we know today as popular music. Soon after, new musical forms were taking hold. Jazz in the 1930s (Louis Armstrong, Billie Holiday), big band music in the 1940s (Tommy Dorsey, Duke Ellington), and rock-and-roll (Elvis Presley, Chuck Barry) in the 1950s. Other countries (most notably France and Spain) were creating their own popular music during this time. (Ezine 2005) The three time periods I want to focus on is Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and Contemporary. This is all known to us to day as Opera, RB, Rock, Hip Hop, Soul, etc. Music has been around for years and can be broken down into many stages or cycles. People everywhere all over the world make their own style of music. Every genre, sound, melody is different in some way. When we look at the medieval music, we are dealing with the longest and most distant period of musical history. Saint Gregory is credited with organizing the huge repertory of chant that developed during the first centuries of the Christian church, hence the term Gregorian chant. He was pope from 590 to 604, and the medieval era continued into the 1400s, so this period consists of music. One of the principal difficulties in studying medieval music is that a system for notating music developed only gradually. The first examples of musical notation date from around 900. For several centuries, notation only indicated what pitch to sing. The system for notating rhythm started in the 12th or 13th century. Gregorian chant is monophonic, meaning music that consists of only one melodic line without accompaniment. The beauty of chant lies in the serene, undulating shapes of its melody. We do not know who wrote the melodies of Gregorian chant. Like folk melodies, the music probably mutated as it was passed down through generations and eventually reached its notated form. Polyphony, music where two or more melodic lines are heard simultaneously, did not exist (or was not notated) until the 11th century. Unlike chant, polyphony required the participation of a composer to combine the melodic lines in a pleasing manner. Although most medieval polyphonic music is anonymousthe names of the composers were either lost or never written down at allthere are composers whose work was so important that their names were preserved along with their music. (Ezine 2005) Renaissance is reflected by the changing role of the composer in society. Unlike most of their medieval times, the great masters of the Renaissance were created in their own lifetimes. The technique of printing music, while slow to evolve, helped in the preservation and distribution of music and musical ideas. Sacred music was still predominant, though other music became more prevalent and more sophisticated. The repertory of instrumental music also began to expand significantly. New instruments were invented, including the clavichord and virginal and many existing instruments were improved. Masses and motets were the primary forms of sacred vocal polyphony. Other vocal forms included motets, madrigals and songs (generally accompanied by lute or a small instrumental ensemble or consort). Instrumental pieces were usually short polyphonic works or music for dancing. (Ezine 2005) Compared with the medieval style, Renaissance polyphony was lush and sonorous. The era between Josquin Desprez and Palestrina is known as the golden age of polyphony. Imitationwhere one melodic line shares, or imitates the same musical theme as a previous melodic linebecame an important polyphonic technique. Imitation was one method composers used to make complex music more easily comprehensible and give the listener a sense of structure. Imitative polyphony can be heard in the masses and motets of composers from Josquin onward and is featured in instrumental music by Byrd, Gibbons, and the Gabriellis. Baroque music is often highly ornate, colorful and richly textured when compared with its predecessors. Opera was born at what is considered to be the very beginning of the Baroque era, around 1600. This unique form combines poetry, theater, the visual arts and music. It came about because a group of Italian intellectuals wanted to recapture the spirit of ancient Greek drama in which music played a key role. The first great opera was Orfeo, by Claudio Monteverdi, first performed in 1607. Musics ability to express human emotions and depict natural phenomenon was explored throughout the Baroque period. Vivaldis famous set of concertos, The Four Seasons, is a famous example. Although imitative polyphony remained fundamental to musical composition, homophonic writing became increasingly important. Homophonic music features a clear distinction between the melody line and a subsidiary accompaniment part. This style was important in opera and other solo vocal music because it focused the li steners attention on the expressive melody of the singer. The homophonic style gradually became prevalent in instrumental music as well. (Ezine 2005) Many Baroque works include a continuo part in which a keyboard (harpsichord or organ) and bass instrument (cello or bassoon) provide the harmonic underpinning of chords that accompanies the melodic line. New polyphonic forms were developed, and as in the Renaissance, composers considered the art of counterpoint (the crafting of polyphony) to be essential to their art. Canons and fugues, two very strict forms of imitative polyphony, were extremely popular. Composers were even expected to be able to improvise complex fugues on a moments notice to prove their skill. The orchestra evolved during the early Baroque, starting as an accompanist for operatic and vocal music. By the mid-1600s the orchestra had a life of its own. The concerto was a favorite Baroque form that featured a solo instrumentalist (or small ensemble of soloists) playing against the orchestra, creating interesting contrasts of volume and texture. Many Baroque composers were also virtuoso performers. For example, Archang elo Corelli was famous for his violin playing and Johann Sebastian Bach was famous for his keyboard skills. The highly ornamented quality of Baroque melody lent itself perfectly to such displays of musical dexterity. (Grieg 2002) The word Classical has strong meaning, mixed with the art and Philosophy of Ancient Greece and Rome, along with their ideals of disciplined expression. The late Braque was complex and melodically different. The composers of the early Classical period changed direction, writing music that was much simpler to understand. Homophony music, another part of classical music in which melody and charm are distinct, and has dominated the Classical style is another form of classical music. New forms of composition were developed to accommodate the transformation. Santana Form is the most important of these forms, and one that continued to evolve throughout the Classical period. Although Baroque composers also wrote pieces called sonatas, the Classical sonata was different. The essence of the Classical Sonata is difficult to understand. A highly simplified example of such a conflict might be between two themes of contrasting character. (Grieg 2002) This contrast would be found during the course of the sonata, and then resolved. Sonata form allowed composers to give pure instrumental music recognizable dramatic shape. Every major form of the Classical era, including the string quartet, symphony and concerto was molded on the dramatic structure of the sonata. One of the most important developments of the Classical period is the growth of the public concert. Although the aristocracy would continue to play a significant role in musical life, it was now possible for composers to survive without being the employee of one person or family. This also meant that concerts were no longer limited to palace drawing rooms. Composers organized concerts featuring their own music, and attracted large audiences. The increasing popularity of the public concert had a strong impact on the growth of the orchestra. Although chamber music and solo works were played in the home or other intimate settings, orchestral concerts seemed to be naturally designed for big public spaces. As a result, symphonic music composers gradually expanded the size of the orchestra to accommodate this expanded musical vision. (Grieg 2002) Just as the word Classical conjures up certain images, Romantic music also does the same. Whether we think of those romance novels with the Romanticism implies fantasy and sensuality. The Classical period focused on emotional restraint. Classical music was expressive, but not so passionate that it could overwhelm the work Beethoven, who was in some ways responsible for igniting the flame of romanticism, always struggled (sometimes unsuccessfully) to maintain that balance. (Greig 2002) Many composers of the Romantic period followed Beethovens model and found their own balance between emotional intensity and Classical form. Others reveled in the new atmosphere of artistic freedom and created music whose structure was designed to support its emotional surges. Musical story-telling became important, and not just in opera, but in pure instrumental music as well. The tone-poem is a particularly Romantic invention, as it was an orchestral work whose structure was entirely dependent on the scene being depicted or the story being told. Color was another important feature of Romantic music. A large palette of musical colors was necessary to depict the exotic scenes that became so popular. In addition to seeking out the sights and sounds of other places, composers began exploring the music of their native countries. Nationalism became a driving force in the late Romantic period and composers wanted their music to express their cultural identity. This desire was particularly intense in Russia and Eastern Europe, where elements of folk music were incorporated into symphonies, tone-poems and other Classical forms. (Wagner 1999) The Romantic period was the days of the virtuoso. Gifted performers and particularly pianists, violinists, and singers became enormously popular. Liszt, the great Hungarian pianist/composer, reportedly played with such passion and intensity that woman in the audience would faint. Since, like Liszt, most composers were also virtuoso performers, it was inevitable that the music they wrote would be extremely challenging to play. The Romantic period witnessed a glorification of the artist whether musician, poet or painter that has had a powerful impact on our own culture. (Wagner 1999) This style of music became known as being romantic. The evolution of music is at least partly shaped by the influence one composer has on another. These influences are not always positive, however. Sometimes composers react against the music of their recent past (even though they might admire it) and move in what seems to be the opposite direction. For example, the simplified style of the early Classical period was almost certainly a reaction to the extreme intricacies of the late Baroque. The late Romantic period featured its own extremes: sprawling symphonies and tone-poems overflowing with music that seemed to stretch harmony and melody to their limits. It is certainly possible to view some early 20th century music as an extension of the late Romantic style, but a great deal of it can also be interpreted as a reaction against that style. 20th century music is a series of isms and neo-isms. The primal energy of Stravinskys Rite of Spring has been called neo-Primitivism. The intensely emotional tone of Schà ¶nbergs early music has b een labeled Expressionism. The return to clearly structured forms and textures has been dubbed neo-Classicism. (R. Strauss) These terms have been employed in an attempt to organize the diversity of styles running through the 20th century. Nationalism continued to be a strong musical influence in the first half of the century. The study of folk songs enriched the music of numerous composers, such as Ralph Vaughan Williams (England), Bela Bartok (Hungary), Heitor Villa Lobos (Brazil) and Aaron Copland (USA). Jazz and popular musical styles have also been tremendously influential on classical composers from both the United States and Europe. Technology has played a increasingly important role in the development of 20th century music. Composers have used recording tape as a compositional tool (such as Steve Reichs Violin Phase). Electronically generated sounds have been used both on their own and in combination with traditional instruments. More recently, computer technology has been used in a variety of ways, including manipulating the performance of instruments in real time. (R. Strauss) So as you can see, music has been around for centuries. Many people have helped music evolve over the years. The six long periods of music that were discussed above really helped music become what is today. Although each individual listen to various types of music they all started the same, with either a rhythm or beat. Music was originated long before humans even existed and grew from there. Music in general has made the world a better place. It gives people a way to express themselves. Music has been called The International Language; a very simple thought with much meaning behind it. Even if you cant speak the language of a country, you can move, sway, dance and most of all enjoy the music of the country. We may not understand the words of a musical selection but we do understand the beauty. (Ruth 2008) Musics interconnection with society can be seen throughout history. Every known culture on the earth has music. Music seems to be one of the basic actions of humans. However, early music was not handed down from generation to generation or recorded. Hence, there is no official record of prehistoric music. Even so, there is evidence of prehistoric music from the findings of flutes carved from bones. The influence of music on society can be clearly seen from modern history. Music helped Thomas Jefferson write the Declaration of Independence. When he could not figure out the right wording for a certain part, he would play his violin to help him. The music helped him get the words from his brain onto the paper. In general, responses to music are able to be observed. It has been proven that music influences humans both in good and bad ways. These effects are instant and long lasting. Music is thought to link all of the emotional, spiritual, and physical elements of the universe. Music can also be used to change a persons mood, and has been found to cause like physical responses in many people simultaneously. Music also has the ability to strengthen or weaken emotions from a particular event such as a funeral. People perceive and respond to music in different ways. The level of musicianship of the performer and the listener as well as the manner in which a piece is performed affects the experience of music. An experienced and accomplished musician might hear and feel a piece of music in a totally different way than a non-musician or beginner. This is why two accounts of the same piece of music can contradict themselves. (ODonnell 2001) According to The Center for New Discoveries in Learning, learning potential can be increased a minimum of five times by using this 60 beats per minute music. For example, the ancient Greeks sang their dramas because they understood how music could help them remember more easily). A renowned Bulgarian psychologist, Dr. George Lozanov, designed a way to teach foreign languages in a fraction of the normal learning time. Using his system, students could learn up to one half of the vocabulary and phrases for the whole school term (which amounts to almost 1,000 words or phrases) in one day. Along with this, the average retention rate of his students was 92%. Dr. Lozanovs system involved using certain classical music pieces from the baroque period which have around a 60 beats per minute pattern. He has proven that foreign languages can be learned with 85-100% efficiency in only thirty days by using these baroque pieces. His students had a recall accuracy rate of almost 100% even after not r eviewing the material for four years. The article above discusses how the history of music not only helped human beings but impacted their lives greatly to where we learn better and think better. (ODonnell 2001)

Human Trafficking problems and effects in Sudan

Human Trafficking problems and effects in Sudan Sudan is a source country for men, women, and children trafficked internally for the purposes of forced labor and sexual exploitation. Sudan is also a transit and destination country for Ethiopian women trafficked abroad for domestic servitude. Sudanese women and girls are trafficked within the country for domestic servitude. Local observers report the recruitment sometimes by force of Darfuri girls to work in private homes, including those occupied by soldiers from the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), as cooks or cleaners; some of these girls are subsequently pressured by male occupants to engage in commercial sexual acts. Sudanese women and girls are trafficked to Middle Eastern countries such as Qatar, for domestic servitude and to European countries, such as Poland, for sexual exploitation. Sudanese children are trafficked through Yemen to Saudi Arabia for forced begging. Sudanese gangs coerce other young Sudanese refugees into prostitution in nightclubs in Egypt. Sudanese children are unlawfully conscripted, at times through abduction, and exploited by armed groups including the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), all Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) factions, the Popular Defense Forces, Janjaweed militia, and Chadian opposition forces in Sudans ongoing conflict in Darfur; the Sudanese Armed Forces, associated militias, and the Central Reserve Police also continue to unlawfully recruit children in this region. There were confirmed reports of forcible child recruitment in 2008 by the JEM in several refugee camps in eastern Chad, as well as villages in Darfur. Forcible recruitment of adults and particularly children by virtually all armed groups involved in Sudans concluded north-south civil war was previously commonplace; thousands of children still associated with these forces await demobilization and reintegration into their communities of origin. Although the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) high command committed to preventing recruitmen t and releasing the remaining children from its ranks, reports suggest some local commanders continue recruiting children. In certain states, the SPLA also persists in using children for military activities, even after these children have been formally identified for demobilization and family reunification. A recently released report by a consortium of NGOs found that government-supported militia, like the Janjaweed and the Popular Defense Forces, together with elements of the SAF, have systematically abducted civilians for the purposes of sexual slavery and forced labor as part of the Darfur conflict. This practice was far more common, however, at the beginning of the conflict in 2003 than during the reporting period, when the conflict in Darfur had largely subsided. Some were released after days or weeks of captivity, while others escaped after a number of months or even years. The vast majority of those abducted are from non-Arabic speaking ethnic groups like the Fur, Massalit, and Zaghawa. Abducted women and girls are subjected to rape, forced marriage, and sexual slavery, as well as forced domestic and agricultural labor. Abducted men and boys are subjected to forced labor in agriculture, herding, portering goods, and domestic servitude. Thousands of Dinka women and children were abducted and subsequently enslaved by members of the Missiriya and Rizeigat tribes during the north-south civil war. An unknown number of children from the Nuba tribe were similarly abducted and enslaved. A portion of those who were abducted and enslaved remained with their abductors in South Darfur and West Kordofan and experienced varying types of treatment; others were sold or given to third parties, including in other regions of the country; and some ultimately escaped from their captors. While there have been no known, new abductions of Dinka by members of Baggara tribes in the last several years, inter-tribal abductions continue in southern Sudan between warring African tribes, especially in Jonglei and Eastern Equatoria States; Murle raids on Nuer villages in Jonglei State resulted in the abduction of an unknown number of children. The terrorist rebel organization, Lords Resistance Army (LRA), continues to harbor small numbers of enslaved Sudanese and Ugandan children in southern Sudan for use as cooks, porters, and combatants; some of these children are also trafficked across borders into Uganda or the Democratic Republic of the Congo. UN/OCHA reported 66 LRA-related abductions in southern Sudans Western Equatoria Province in 2008 and early 2009. The Government of National Unity of Sudan (GNU) does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so. This report discusses the problem of human trafficking as it impacts the country in its entirety and analyzes the efforts of the national government, the Government of Southern Sudan (GOSS), and the state governments to combat the problem. Sudans Tier 3 ranking reflects the overall lack of significant anti-trafficking efforts demonstrated by all levels of the countrys governing structures, each of which bear responsibility for addressing the crime. While the GNU and the GOSS took greater steps to demobilize child soldiers, combating human trafficking through law enforcement or significant prevention measures was not a priority for any Sudanese government entity in 2008. The national government published neither data nor statistics regarding its efforts to combat human trafficking during the year; it did not respond to requests to provide information for this report. Prosecution The governments anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts were negligible during the reporting period; it did not investigate or prosecute any suspected trafficking cases. Sudan is a large country with porous borders and destitute hinterlands; the national government had little ability to establish authority or a law enforcement presence in many regions. Sudans criminal code does not prohibit all forms of trafficking in persons, though its Articles 162, 163, and 164 criminalize abduction, luring, and forced labor, respectively. No trafficker has ever been prosecuted under these articles. In May 2008, the Council of Ministers received the Child Act 2008 for review; the act must be approved by the council and ratified by the parliament before it can be implemented. The Act prohibits the recruitment of children under the age of 18 into armed forces or groups and ensures the demobilization, rehabilitation, and reintegration of child victims of armed conflict. Several states subsequently d rafted their own Child Acts based on the national act; in November 2008, Southern Kordofan State ratified its Child Act. In December 2008, Sudans National Assembly approved the Sudan Armed Forces Act of 2007, which establishes criminal penalties for persons who recruit children under 18 years of age, as well as for abduction and enslavement; the act prescribes penalties of up to five years imprisonment for child recruitment and up to 10 years imprisonment for enslavement. In August 2008, the Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly passed the Southern Sudan Child Act of 2008, which prohibits the recruitment and use of children for military or paramilitary activities and prescribes punishments of up to 10 years imprisonment for such crimes. The President of the Government of Southern Sudan (GOSS) signed the act into law in October 2008. The Southern Sudan Penal Code Act, enacted in July 2008, prohibits and prescribes punishments of up to seven years imprisonment for unlawful compulsory la bor, including abduction or transfer of control for such purposes; the Act also criminalized the buying or selling of a minor for the purpose of prostitution and prescribes a punishment of up to 14 years imprisonment. In December 2008, the Minister of Justice issued a decree establishing offices with specialized childrens attorneys in Southern Darfur, Gedaref, Southern Kordofan, Sennar, Blue Nile, Western Darfur, and Kassala States to supervise investigations. The government neither documented anti-trafficking law enforcement efforts nor provided specialized anti-trafficking training to law enforcement, prosecutorial, and judicial personnel during the year. At the request of the Sudanese Police, in January 2009, UNPOL trained 122 women police officers who staff gender desks in child protection. UNPOL also conducted a five-day training program on human rights, gender, and child protection for 25 police officers in Aweil. Protection Sudans Government of National Unity (GNU) made only minimal efforts to protect victims of trafficking during the past year, and these efforts focused primarily on the demobilization of child soldiers. The government continued to demonstrate extremely low levels of cooperation with humanitarian workers in the Darfur region on a broad spectrum of issues, including human trafficking. The GOS and GOSS provide little to no protection for victims of trafficking crimes; Sudan had few victim care facilities readily accessible to trafficking victims and the government did not provide access to legal, medical, or psychological services. The government did not publicly acknowledge that children are trafficked into prostitution or domestic servitude in Sudan or take steps to identify and provide protective services to such victims. The Khartoum State Polices child and family protection unit, which offers various services such as legal aid and psychosocial support, assisted an unknown number of c hild victims of abuse and sexual violence in 2008 and could have potentially provided these services to trafficking victims. In 2008, similar units were established with UNICEFs support in Western Darfur, Northern Darfur, Southern Kordofan, Northern Kordofan, and Gedaref States. The government did not have a formal referral process to transfer victims to organizations providing care or a system of proactively identifying victims of trafficking among vulnerable populations. In January 2008, the government and its UN counterparts established a forum to share information and coordinate an appropriate response to children affected by armed conflict; the group met three times during the year. In May 2008, the Northern Sudan DDR Commission (NSDDRC) and the Southern Sudan DDR Commission (SSDDRC), with support from UNICEF and the Integrated UNDDR Unit, demobilized 88 children formerly associated with the SPLA in Kurmuk, Blue Nile State. In December 2008, the SSDDRC demobilized 46 children from the SPLA training academy in Korpout, Upper Nile State; they were part of a group of 68 children registered for demobilization in July 2007. Identification and registration programs were ongoing for remaining children still serving under the SPLA in Unity and Jongley States, as well is in South Kordofan. In July 2008, NSDDRC in Blue Nile State and UNICEF commenced an interim program to monitor demobilized childrens participation in reintegration opportunity programs; in October 2008, the program provided training to NSDDRCs child DDR workers on DDR standards and communicating effectively with children. In August 2008, the GOSS opened a child protection unit to ensure that no children are part of the SPLAs ranks. In December 2008, the Sudan Armed Forces, the National Council for Child Welfare, and UNICEF signed a memorandum of understanding to strengthen the protection of children in Sudan and prevention of recruitment into the armed forces. During the reporting period, the government punished trafficking victims for crimes committed as a direct result of being trafficked. Following the May 2008 clash between JEM and government forces in Omdurman, a suburb of Khartoum, Sudanese authorities arrested 110 children on charges of attempted violent overthrow of the state and held them with adults for several days. The government then established a Presidential High Committee to care for the children under the leadership of the Humanitarian Aid Commissioner. The National Council for Child Welfare (NCCW) took custody of 100 children, placed them in a National Security detention center, and provided medical care and psychosocial support; international NGOs certified the quality of the center as good and in keeping with international standards. However, 10 children were not sent to the separate facility and remained in detention with adults and an estimated 30 children were used as witnesses in trials of JEM combatants. The govern ment pardoned and released 103 children for family reunification; tried, acquitted, and released four children; and sentenced one child to death, pending appeal. The whereabouts of one child is unknown. The Committee for the Eradication of Abduction of Women and Children (CEAWC), established in 1999 to facilitate the safe return of abducted and enslaved women and children to their families, was not operational during the reporting period. Its most recent retrieval and transport missions took place in March 2008 with GOSS funding; since that time, neither the GNU nor the GOSS provided CEAWC with the necessary funding for the transport and reunification of previously identified abductees with their families. The government made no efforts to address issues of abduction and enslavement in Darfur during the reporting period. Basic Info The U.S. State Department ranks Sudan on Tier 3, meaning that the human trafficking prevention, protection, and prosecution there is about as stable and functional as the rest of their infrastructure. Of course, they would probably love to prevent the various armed factions from recruiting and abducting child soldiers, if for no other reason than to reduce the insurrectionists ranks. The brutal combination of ongoing conflict, poverty, and a lack of rule of law and infrastructure has meant Sudan is a source, transit, and destination country for trafficking victims. So does Sudan have the political and economic stability to truly tackle trafficking? Trafficking prevention efforts in Sudan are, to use my favorite euphemism, a bit of a fustercluck. The ongoing conflict makes it nearly impossible for the government to get a handle on human trafficking and the significant child soldier problem. Not that theyve shown much serious effort. Who Are the Victims and What Are They Doing? The image of Sudanese children being lured or kidnapped from their homes to become child soldiers has become a cliche, but one steeped in a painful reality for many Sudanese families. Several different rebel factions use child soldiers in Sudan, as well as the Sudanese army and affiliated groups. Less-publicized but also a significant issue is the rampant use of Sudanese men, women, and children for forced labor within Sudan. This is especially true for women and girls, who are often forced into domestic servitude in private homes and sometimes used for sex there. Women and girls are also forced into commercial sex, and children are forced into begging on the streets. Where Are They Coming From and Where Are They Going? A significant portion of human trafficking in Sudan is internal, but it is also a source and destination country. Sudanese women and girls are trafficked to the Middle East and Europe for commercial sexual exploitation, where they can fetch a higher price. Children are also trafficked to the Middle East, primarily Saudi Arabia and Yemen, to beg. On the flip side, children from other African countries have been trafficked to Sudan girls usually as domestic servants and boys usually as soldiers. Whats Gotta Happen? Sudan wont be able to seriously address human trafficking until they address the conflict, poverty, and displacement which seriously exacerbate the problem. They recently took a good first step by enacting anti-trafficking legislation, but have yet to really enforce it. They need to arrest people for forcing others into labor and make an effort to identify cases when that happens. They also need to demobilize all the child soldiers in the country and work to reunite them with their families or find them other shelter. And yes that means the child soldiers in the Sudanese Armed Forces and affiliated militias.

A Comparison And Contrast Between Flowers From Another World Ad Hi, Ar :: essays research papers

ENGLISH COMPARATIVE ESSAY ASSINGMENT II ‘A comparison and contrast between â€Å"Flowers from another world† and â€Å"Hi, are you alone?†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This essay will attempt to compare and contrast two films directed by Spanish director actress Iciar Bollain. The films to be compared and contrasted are â€Å"Hi, are you alone? (â€Å"Hola,estas sola?†) and â€Å"Flowers from another world† (â€Å"Flores de otro mundo†). The most apparent reason for comparing and contrasting these two films is that both focus their attention on women’s affairs and behaviours in today’s Spanish society, both display similarities in their content but most important is the differences that one may find in the portrayal of women the director seems to be interested in. A) â€Å"Hi, are you alone?†: Trini and La Nià ±a are the same age: 20, and have the same uncomplicated way of going about things, they simply go ahead and do them. The two girls also share the lack of a mother. During their trip, they share everything, including Olaf, a Russian who knows not a word of Spanish and with whom La Nià ±a has an affair. They have a mutual letdown: Marilo. La Nià ±a finds love and loses it, finds her mother to lose her again, but also finds a friend, Trini, whom she is certainly not about to lose. This is film is regarded by many critics as an enchanting road movie about being a woman, being young, love and frienship is the first directorial work by Iciar Bollain. In this opera prima, Iciar shows her ability to direct actors, especially her two leading actresses, but it is in her handling of a story told so many times before (two girlfriends on the road has been the theme everywhere, who can forget Thelma and Louise!) and thus making look so fresh and original that her directorial t alent is revealed. She has managed to capture, not the loss of innocence, but the gaining of maturity, the moment when we learn which things we can change and which we cannot. In this film we do not find a false step since the fraternal relationship between the two young women is very cleverly constructed and transmitted to the audience. We also feel that the two leading actresses, Silke and Candela Pena are up to the level of the rest of the film. B) â€Å"Flowers from another world†: A bus load of women arrive at a bachelor ceremony in a dying Spanish village in hopes of marrying men that can support them and in some cases, their children.

Standardized Testing Is Inaccurate For Teacher Evaluation Essay

The United States of America is ranked 15th in the world for it’s quality of education. Improvement in our education system is necessary if we want to keep up with the best nations in the world. Over the past ten years, a new push has been made to improve education in America through programs like No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top. States across the country are assessing teachers and schools by using standardized test scores. By using standardized test scores, states link high stakes to the results such as grant money, salary, and jobs as incentive to improve the scores for the following year. In Wisconsin and other states, 50% of these evaluations are based solely on how students score on these tests making the results have a critical impact, affecting not only the futures of the students, but also the futures of their teachers. Although it is important to give schools and teachers feedback so that they can better educate students, high-stakes testing should be used mi nimally for this purpose because of the lack of conclusive results they produce, and the detrimental effects that they can have on students, teachers, and even the whole schooling community. The first problem with evaluating schools and teachers with standardized testing is that the scores are so heavily correlated with factors other than intelligence. Background factors like like their family’s socioeconomic status or disabilities that a student may have all affect a students ability on a standardized test. Proponents of the use of standardized testing to evaluate schools and teachers argue that standardized tests are a fair and objective way of evaluating students because it is a common standard for everyone. The problem in their argument is that not all s... ... Student Test Scores to Evaluate Teachers. Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper #278. 2010 , Economic Policy Institute, 13 November 2014. http://www.epi.org/publication/bp278/ Kohn, Alfie. "The Real Threat to American Schools." Tikkun. March/April 2001: 25+. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 18 Nov 2014. Teachers Need Real Feedback. Perf. Bill Gates. TED. The Sapling Foundation, May 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2014. . Strauss, Valerie. "Massachusetts Professors Protest High-Stakes Standardized Tests." Washington Post. 22 Feb 2013: n.p. SIRS Issues Researcher.Web. 17 Nov 2014. "What the Research Says on Teacher Evaluations." Learn More About Teacher Evaluations. New York State United Teachers, Nov. 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. .

Transatlantic Airlines Report

We have analyzed the existing booking policy of TransAtlantic Airlines and identified potential cost saving.The implementation of the suggested new booking policy would lead to reduction of total expected costs per flight on average by  £8,100.Furthermore, the new policy would increase the predictability of total costs per flight. With 90% confidence new costs will be in a range  £750 and  £4,800 as compared to the current range of  £1,900 to  £20,300. The comparative description of the policies is presented in table 1.Analysis of existing policy quick fixBase case modelThe foundation of current policy is based on the analysis in table 1. We observe that the total costs for both classes are  £6,250. The analysis of existing model indicates that there are two controllable variables in yellow (booking level in both classes) and two uncontrollable variables in green (no-show %).Table Foundation of existing policyThe available data indicates that current policy assumes some e mpty seats on the plane. As there is no immediate justification to this assumption, overbooking of the plane should be targeted to minimize the costs.Table Quick policy fix By increasing the booking level for both classes,  £0 costs can be achieved (table 2).Scenario analysisTransAtlantic does not have data retention policy in place. Hence, TransAtlantic has applied the consensus of experts for the scenario analysis. The percentage of no-shows varies between 3% and 8% in economy class and 15%-30% in business.Our calculations indicate that base case scenario is equal to the best case scenario. The main reason is that both cases of over- and under booking the company incurs costs, therefore the cost minimization is only achieved when the number of passengers in each class taking the flight is equal to the corresponding capacities (table 1).In the worst case scenario, we assume the maximum no-show in both classes. The data in table 3 demonstrates that the cost of the missed opportuni ties (e.g. missed fare) is much higher than the passenger compensation costsWe have calculated that in the worst case the company can experience the loss of revenues of  £23,250 per flight.Table Worst case scenarioSensitivity analysisWe have identified that there are two independent uncontrollable variables in our model. The best way to quantify the uncertainty without the simulation is to conduct a sensitivity analysis.One-way sensitivity analysis allows identifying the influence of each variable on the total costs.Expectedly, we observe that zero-cost for economy class happens at 5% of no-show and for business class is 20%, as these levels are equal to full capacity utilization in each class.Any deviation from these levels results in the increased costs for the company. For the economy class the increase of no-shows by 1% point results in the loss of  £1,800, while a decrease of 1% point results in the loss of  £600. In business the corresponding figures are  £1,450 and  £300 (figure 1).In relative terms, the costs of 1% increase are 3 times and ~5 times higher than the costs of 1% decrease in no-shows for economy and business class correspondingly. The observation leads us to conclude that overbooking is a viable option for the airline. Analysis of two way sensitivity (Appendix A), helps us to identify the sweet spot of costs of no-shows (colored green).SimulationPolicy comparisonIn the simulation analysis we assumed triangular probability of no-shows based on the available data (economy: between 3%-8%, most people 5%; business: between 15%-30%, most common 20%). We have also used 5,000 iterations to calculate final results. Table 5 summarizes the results.Table Simulation output analysisAccording to our analysis the mean of the current policy equals  £10,800. This value is different from  £6,250 as the new estimated mean represents the expected value, which are the average costs weighted by their respective probabilities. The previous estimati on indicates solely the costs at one point.Quick look at the summary table helps us identify that the proposed quick fix is the least value destructing policy out of three policies. It has the lowest mean of total costs, the lowest probability of exceeding  £10,000 as well as the narrowest range of the cost.To be more assured, we have additionally conducted probability dominance analysis (figure 2), which tells that both current and quick fix policy have deterministic dominance (always better) then no overbooking policy (green line). Whereas the quick fix (blue line) has stochastic dominance over currently employed policy (red line). The outcome of current policy maybe occasionally better than our proposed solution, but in the majority of cases the quick fix policy will be better.Figure 2 Probability dominance analysisPolicy optimizationIn order to identify the optimal booking policy we have conducted simulation with 40 different booking levels for business and economy. As these t wo variables are independent, we have conducted consequential analysis. Results for business class level booking are in (figure 3). The detailed information about tested values is in Appendix B.Figure 3 Optimal booking policyWe have observed that the lowest expected value of total costs is achieved at 427 and 133 accepted reservations for economy and business respectively. The comparison of current policy against new policy can be found in table 6.Table Current vs new policy comparisonFurther model improvementsIt has been suggested that passengers upgraded from the economy class to business class, can additionally reduce costs.We have included this condition in the model and run the simulation with different booking levels for business and economy (see section on optimization). Expected booking levels are not affected by this change. No further adjustments to the booking levels are necessary due to overbooking in both classes,Nevertheless, in some instances, as we consider the whole spectrum of possibilities, we observe that there are occasions at which business class is not fully occupied. By introducing upgrade possibility we can indeed improve our overall results as seen from the following summary table 7.Table New policy with upgrade option Even though the improvement to the mean is limited to  £200 and the range adjustments also non-significant, we almost eradicating the chance of incurring costs more than  £10,000.This result ascribes to the partial offsetting of business opportunity costs (fare of  £1,450), with collected fare from economy class passengers of  £450 and the omission of compensation cost of  £150 to economy customers for overbooked flights. Thus, TransAtlantic airlines incurs only the cost of  £850 per business passenger instead of  £1,450 under the circumstance that business class passengers don’t show up and leave seats to extra passengers of economy class.

Exothermic reaction Essay

The object of this investigation is to check out the enthalpy commute for the reception CaCO3 (s) i CaO (s) + CO2 (g) by an indirect method acting based on Hess Law. Hesss righteousness states that the enthalpy change for any chemical answer is independent of the route taken provided that the initial and final conditions are identical. So the temperature change during these reactions below tush be rhythmd and the enthalpy changes ? H1 and ? H2 calculated. For Example victimization Hess law with the calculated encourages for ? H1 and ? H2 it is manageable to calculate a value for ? H3. Results Table.Temperature change during reaction The progenys for the temperatures are to the nearest square number as it is unrealistic to measure to a point of a ? C with this type of thermometer and the masses rounded up to 2 decimal places for greater accuracy. Calculations Its possible to use the formula E = mc ? T, where E = cleverness transferred, m = mass of HCl, c= specific commo ve capacity of HCl and ? T = temperature change. This formula can be used for calculating the energy transferred in the following reactions ? ?H1, CaCO3 (s) + HCl and ? H2, CaO (s) + HCl.Seeing as the molar mass of CaCO3 = 100. 00 ?H1 = 420 x (1 x 0. 0250) = 16. 80 kJmol-1 I result non include the last result in my average for ? H1, which is 16. 80 kJmol-1. This is because its flair off the other results and would significantly necessitate my average results, its an anomaly. AVERAGE for the ? H1 for the reaction between CaCO3 + HCl (- 25. 09 kJmol-1) + (- 24. 90 kJmol-1) 2 ?H1 = 25. 00 kJmol-1 This value for ? H1 is negative because heat is befogged to the surroundings. Its an exothermic reaction. Calculations for ? H2 for the reactions between CaO (s) + HCl 1.I will not include the 102. 86 kJmol-1 result in my average for ? H2. This is because its way off the other results and would significantly walk out my average results, its an anomaly. AVERAGE for the ? H2 for the r eaction between CaO + HCl (-128. 05 kJmol-1) + (- 111. 43 kJmol-1) 2 ?H2 = 119. 74 kJmol-1 This value for ? H1 is negative because heat is lost to the surroundings. Its an exothermic reaction. Using Hess round of drinks I will use the value that I extradite calculated for ?H1 and ? H2 to overwork out the value for ? H3. ?H3= ? H1 ? ?H2 = (- 25. 00 kJmol-1) (- 111. 43 kJmol-1)= 86. 43 kJmol-1 This value is positive because heat is clothed from the surroundings. Its an endothermic reaction. I have been told the echt value for ? H3, which is 178. 00. So I will calculate the percentage by which my value is out by the actual value. 178. 00 ? 86. 43 = 91. 57 (91. 57 ? 178. 00) x 100 = 51% Evaluation Errors in procedure When the CaO and CaCO3 were put into the cup on that point was a delay before the eyelid was put on. This could have caused heat to fly the coop out of the cup and the temperature change would not have been as great compared to if there was no delay.